Through intravaginal sponge application, the estrus response and fertility varies greatly depending on multiple factors, such as management and mating system [78]. Non mature oocytes in puncture: Causes and Options. Embryo transfer - Farm Animal Breeding & Reproduction TP However, a higher non-fertilization rate (47.1% vs. 11.5%; p < 0.05) for ewes inseminated through laparoscopic AI than natural mating [133].This phenomenon of lower fertilization rate during natural and laparoscopic AI may be due to failure in the transport of sperm through the tightly folded cervix, uterus or a sperm quality, or association of lower frozenthawed semen viability, with asynchrony between ovulation time and insemination time of the commercially available semen [135]. Alternatively, embryos can be refrigerated in transfer medium for up to 24 hours with no appreciable loss of viability. Climate factors affecting fertility after cervical insemination during the first months of the breeding season in Rasa Aragonesa ewes. Watanabe H., Miyamoto A., Okada M., Ishida N., Kimura H., Fukui Y. Although laparoscopic AI is a high-impact technique, its relatively high cost (i.e., trained technicians and expertise, time-consuming, labor intensive, requires specialized equipment) and associated animal welfare concern has limited its use [131,137,138]. Greaney K., Mcdonald M., Vivanco H., Tervit H. Out of season embryo transfer in five breeds of imported sheep. Recentlines of researchhave demonstrated that it is sometimes recommendable to avoid embryo transfer during that very same cycle and tofreeze embryosso that they can be transferred in another cycle later on. And the veterinarians dont know if each embryo was fertilized until they can evaluate them underneath the microscope to look at the integrity of the cellular structures. Some investigators also tested alternative gonadotropin preparations for superovulation in sheep, such as HAP, hMG, GnRH, and hCG. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. It is important to wet the stylet with sterile water or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution before introducing it into the catheter to ease its removal from the catheter after its placement into the uterus. The embryo transfer process begins with cows receiving a hormone treatment to produce more than one ovulation (egg) at a time. Bettencourt E.M., Bettencourt C.M., e Silva J.C., Ferreira P., Manito C.I., Matos C.M., Romo R.J., Rocha A. Further aspects of follicular wave dynamics and synchronization have been discussed in detail by [11,81]. Brasil O., Moreira N., Jnior G.S., Silva B., Mariante A., Ramos A. Superovulatory and embryo yielding in sheep using increased exposure time to progesterone associated with a GnRH agonist. Although collection of a single embryo is occasionally done in cattle, most embryo transfers in cattle are done after a hormonal treatment to superovulate donor cows and to maximize recovery of embryos during the collection procedure. The recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (roFSH) is the recombinant hormone that promotes superovulation in domestic animals. Con: Hormone levels may rise during ovarian stimulation. In general terms, the transfer of embryos of other species has been modeled on techniques devised for these two species. endobj 6. Copyright 2023 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. embryo transfer grew in popularity. gu. Despite these improvements, the lack of predictability and huge variation in the response of superovulation treatments, including embryo yield/quality, continues to be the greatest problem in any MOET program [147]. Regardless of the type of superovulation treatment, fertilization usually fails in ewes bred naturally or artificially due to the tightly folded multiple rings of the cervix. Importance of embryo transfer technique in maximizing assisted Improvement in soil fertility and locally grown vegetation are other advantages of sheep farming [4]. Bartlewski P.M. On day 14, at the time of CIDR removal, ewes were divided into the following three groups: control group (progesterone device withdrawn at day 14); 12h P4 group (progesterone device maintained for an additional 12 h, i.e., until day 14.5); 12h P4 GnRH group (progesterone maintained for an additional 12 h, i.e., until day 14.5, plus a GnRH agonist). For example, a 55% success rate of cervical transposing and embryo transfer in sheep treated with dinoprostone (PGE2) [155]. In order to improve the production of embryos, ewes treated with exogenous melatonin during the anestrous season; however, no difference in the number or quality of the embryos was observed between melatonin-treated and non-treated groups [122]. Subsequently, recover the embryos and assess by dividing the total collected embryos by the number of CL [145]. This hormone is typically injected via a single dose for 12 days before estrus synchronization [53]. Advantages and Disadvantages of Embryo Transfer Embryo transfer has a number of advantages for the donor mare, the recipient mare, and the horse owner. Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer technology (MOET) is a reproductive technique that primarily aims to fertilize several oocytes in a shorter time period to produce more viable embryos, which are transferred into the recipient, resulting in a higher birth rate [6,7]. However, recent research demonstrated that a single dose of roFSH was equally effective at inducing superovulation in beef cows and sheep, without induced secondary effects. Although increased pregnancy rates may be obtained with transfer of multiple embryos, the risk of dystocia and retention of fetal membranes associated with twin pregnancies and the increased probability of producing freemartin calves preclude widespread use of this approach. For this reason, FSH has become the preferred method of superovulating cows for commercial use. B G.A., Mapletoft R.J. Superstimulation of ovarian follicles in cattle: Gonadotropin treatment protocols and FSH profiles. Follicular dynamics and in vivo embryo production in Santa Ines ewes treated with smaller doses of pFSH. It calls for greater patient flexibility in terms of dates so that ultrasound scans can be carried out and so that transfer can be scheduled for exactly the right time for implantation. Both commercial FSH preparations can be diluted into 20 mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution and administered over 45 days. With this approach, fertilization failure does not seem to be a serious problem in small ruminants [74]. This review discusses the outcomes of commonly used hormones in different superovulation protocols and their applications, and outlines the current understanding of the factors affecting the superovulatory response in ewes. Hence, the physiological status of donor ovaries at the onset of superstimulation plays a central role in determining the ovarian responses to exogenous hormones. Because of the adverse effects of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation on the endometrium, frozen embryo transfers have demonstrated improved pregnancy rates as well as better obstetric outcomes. In addition, hMG has been shown to produce a comparable ovulation rate (10 vs. 9.9; p > 0.05), rate of transferable embryos (84% vs. 80%), and fertilization rate (86% vs. 95%; (p > 0.05) to that of FSH [31]. ), 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China, 4Xenotransplantation Research Engineering Center in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China. It is more stressful for the patient who has to routinely take medication. Embryos are kept in holding media at room temperature until they are transferred to recipients or prepared for freezing, bisection (splitting), or embryo sexing. Najafi G., Cedden F., Kohram H., Akbari Sharif A. Does sound travel faster through space or room temperature? Moreover, administering hCG and vaginal sponges has been shown to have positive effects on lambing rates [32]. Ammoun I., Encinas T., Veiga-Lopez A., Ros J., Contreras I., Gonzalez-Anover P., Cocero M., McNeilly A., Gonzalez-Bulnes A. Induction of superovulation in Merinolandshaf ewes after single or multiple FSH injectons. It is more stressful for the patient who has to routinely take medication. Armstrong D., Evans G. Factors influencing success of embryo transfer in sheep and goats. Various other factors that also play a major role in outcomes of AI include body condition and prolificacy, nutritional management prior to and after insemination, hormonal protocols for estrus synchronization, ram health and age, and semen mass motility. What happens when the Earth comes directly between the Sun and the Moon causing Earth's shadow to be cast upon the Moon? Loi P., Ptak G., Dattena M., Ledda S., Naitana S., Cappai P. Embryo transfer and related technologies in sheep reproduction. Researchers have given special attention to successfully enabling simplified superovulation, with some promising results in cattle. In addition, 33% of pregnancies had been recorded by day 25; however, there were no fetuses detected after 30 days (55 days of pregnancy). After completing the process of embryo recovery, treat the wound using antibiotics after suturing the incision. There are two main ways of preparing the endometrium: This option is recommended in patients who ovulate normally (in other words, women who have regular menstrual cycles) because their ovaries are naturally capable of preparing the endometrium in the same way as they have been doing month after month in preparation for theoretical pregnancies. One at a time, the donor cows ambled into a chute where Jahnke and Dohlman performed the procedure. Ishwar A., Memon M. Embryo transfer in sheep and goats: A review. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. However, no reduction in embryo recovery was observed until the third flushing by repeatedly administering sheep with conventional FSH protocol during two breeding seasons and one non-breeding season [163]. Additionally, sheep can contribute directly and/or indirectly to various household and economic securities, such as food, socio-cultural wealth, clothing, and crop by-products [3]. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Sexing of embryo pre-implantation plays a role in improving the success of embryo transfer efficacy by allowing the transfer of the desired embryo depending on their sex (Cenariu et al., 2008 . Lima J., Fonseca J., Balaro M., Esteves L., Ascoli F., Leite C., Ribeiro A., Delgado K., Souza-Fabjan J., Torres Filho R. Effect of natural mating or laparoscopic artificial insemination in superovulated Santa Ins ewes on superovulatory response, fertility and embryo viability. STNER B., Alcay S., Nak Y., Nur Z., Nak D., Tuna B., imek G., Sairkaya H. Repeated superovulation treatments in Kivircik ewes during breeding and nonbreeding seasons. The recovered embryos were also found to be higher in melatonin implant groups (10.3 and 10.9) than those in the control group (6.2). These findings indicate that FSH in combination with eCG in a single injection could produce an acceptable ovarian response. Arrais A.M., Mello M.R.B.d., Vergani G.B., Figueira L.M., Esteves S.N., Pereira V.S.d.A., Bartlewski P.M., Oliveira M.E.F., Souza-Fabjan J.M.G., Fonseca J.F.d. Collectively, maximum rates of ovulation (15.9) and embryo recovery (10.7) were observed using the conventional FSH protocol [35]. Over 50 microbial species have been identified. Embryo Transfer in Cattle- Advantages and Disadvantages For example, HAP, obtained from the pituitaries of slaughter material, has been reported to induce a comparable response to p-FSH conventional protocols in sheep [58,59,60]. Cognie Y., Baril G., Poulin N., Mermillod P. Current status of embryo technologies in sheep and goat. In sheep experiencing longer darkness periods, i.e., a shifting of the photoperiod from longer to shorter days, also initiates reproductive activity due to enhancement in the secretion of melatonin. This collection occurs during the morulablastocyst stage (67 days after the onset of estrus) and is conducted under a dissecting microscope for evaluation; it is then further frozen or transferred to the recipient, either by laparotomy or laparoscopy [143]. Sanderson N., Martinez M. A single administration of a long-acting recombinant ovine FSH (roFSH) for cattle superovulation. It is reasonable to expect, therefore, that pregnancy success would be higher for ET recipients than for inseminated females. The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955, Overview of Embryo Transfer in Farm Animals, Reviewed/Revised Apr 2022 | Modified Oct 2022. Although the synchronization of estrous facilitates MOET and optimizes its results, the unpredictability of the moment at which follicular waves emerge is the main limiting factor in predicting the superovulation response. The emergence of each follicular wave is associated with a transient peak in serum FSH concentration, which appears to be essential for follicle wave emergence, and each peak lasts 34 days [74,76]. Rajamahendran R., Sianangama P. Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin on dominant follicles in cows: Formation of accessory corpora lutea, progesterone production and pregnancy rates. Embryo rescue plays an important role in modern plant breeding. Senthilkumar P., Rajasundaram R., Selvaraju M., Kathiresan D. Effect of inclusion of norgestomet ear implants in the goat superovulationregimen. Loiola Filho J.B., Pains Oliveira do Monte A., dos Santos Souza T.T., de Souza Miranda M., Correia Magalhes L., Souza Costa Barros C.H., de Amorim Silva A.A., Oliveira Santos A., de Souza Leite Guimares A., Maia da Silva Costa J. Other factors affecting superovulation in sheep include the failure, or extremely low fertilization rates, of AI, and low embryo recovery [10]. When different doses of pFSH (250, 500, 700, and 1000 IU) were injected in a decreasing manner, 250 IU was found to be more effective than the other doses [54]. Transfer of this kind is recommended in patients who do not ovulate, who have irregular cycles or in whom normal ovarian function is absent, although it can also be used in patients who ovulate normally. Although some good results have been reported with a single administration, FSH is typically administered IM over 45 consecutive days, twice daily in decreasing doses. Discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of economic globalization At present economy globalization which can be defined as the expanding world integration through trade financial flow and knowledge has significant effect on developed and developing countries. The chances of having to cancel due to premature ovulation increase. ,pU-dG!0K.XP& enKQ''fdEEBk2.cE$kX5{5l0djqfc|:>[dKf!k. Enter search terms to find related veterinary topics, multimedia and more. Other reproductive techniques and their relative advantages and disadvantages, such as artificial insemination (AI), and donor embryo recovery and transfer to the recipient through different procedures, which must be taken into consideration for achieving satisfactory results during any MOET program in sheep, are also summarized in this article . Exogenous melatonin can be administered via subcutaneous implants, which prolong the breeding season, and thus enhance the proportion of pregnant ewes. Several candidates, such as hormones, growth factors and their receptors, including plasma non-esterified fatty acids, insulin-like growth factors, insulin, and leptin, are proposed as indices of metabolic signals, and are believed to send metabolic messages to the reproductive system [24]. Embryo Transfer | IntechOpen The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. Furthermore, the inability to perform rectal manipulation of the track usually makes the passage of the catheter/pipette through the uterus body more difficult. Forty years of embryo transfer in cattle: A review focusing on the In addition, multiple injections are time consuming and stressful for animals, which may be detrimental to the female reproductive performance [35]. Ocallaghan D., Yaakub H., Hyttel P., Spicer L., Boland M. Effect of nutrition and superovulation on oocyte morphology, follicular fluid composition and systemic hormone concentrations in ewes. Seven days later, a veterinarian recovers the embryos by using a catheter and recovery fluid. Cervical insemination results in very low rates of fertilization [139]. It is only recommended in patients with regular ovarian function and cycles. The relationship between reproductive function and nutrition has not been established due to highly inconsistent ovarian responses [24,25,101,102]. Is this the answer the moon unlike the earth does not rotate so you see the same side of the moon? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. 2 OR, ovulation rate; 3 ER, embryos recovered; 4 FR(%), fertilization rate; 5 TRR, transferrable embryos. Contrarily, there was no difference in ovarian response between Corriedale and Bond donor ewes when injected with a split-single dose of 180 mg FSH dissolved in 10 mg/ml 750 kDa hyaluronan [36]. Ovarian Follicular Dominance and the Induction of Daily Follicular Waves in the Ewe. The use of embryo transfer (ET) in cattle is important for profitability and improved genetic gains. Appligent AppendPDF Pro 5.5 Mapletoft R.J., B G.A. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies A few successful simplified attempts have also been made in cattle [48,49,50,51,52] and goats [8]. Gutirrez-Reinoso M.A., Aguilera C.J., Navarrete F., Cabezas J., Castro F.O., Cabezas I., Snchez O., Garca-Herreros M., Rodrguez-Alvarez L. Effects of Extra-Long-Acting Recombinant Bovine FSH (bscrFSH) on Cattle Superovulation. Male embryos fluoresce. Ovarian superstimulation treatment for multiple ovulation and embryo transfer programs in sheep. Melatonin is a natural hormone with potent free radical scavengers, and is an antioxidant and anti-apoptotic agent synthesized in the pineal gland [114,115]. PDF Embryo Transfer in Cattle Advantages and Disadvantages %PDF-1.7 % Nonsurgical embryo recovery and transfer in sheep and goats. The average follicle number on the ovaries between days 0 and 4 of the estrous cycle was measured daily viaultrasonography [79]. Fair S., Hanrahan J., OMeara C., Duffy P., Rizos D., Wade M., Donovan A., Boland M., Lonergan P., Evans A. FSH is the most commonly used hormone for inducing superovulation in sheep and other livestock [29,33]. However, no significant difference between single and multiple injections has been found for ovulation rate (10.2 vs. 10.8), embryonic recovery (9.9 vs. 10.5), or fertilized embryos (5.2 vs. 3.9); however, the proportion of good-quality embryos (5.1 vs. 2.9) was reported to be comparatively higher in the simplified than the conventional superovulation protocol (Table 1) [36]. For cows that successfully respond to the FSH treatment, there is still a chance for notable variability in producing good-quality embryos (from 0 to >20 per flush). Zambrini F., Guimaraes J., Prates J., Esteves L., Souza-Fabjan J., Brandao F., Castro A., Fonseca J. Superovulation and non-surgical embryo recovery in Santa Ins ewes. However, due to the lack of studies on this simplified superovulation protocol in sheep, the endocrinological basis of this protocol remains poorly understood. Galano A., Tan D.-X., Reiter R. Melatonin: A versatile protector against oxidative DNA damage. and W.C.; and H.-J.W. Implications. 1): Without embryo transfer, net cash farm income averaged $141,250 per year for the operation, or about $1,490 per cow per year (95 cows). o [ canine influenza] The two most commonly used commercial FSH preparations are made from porcine pituitary extracts and contain some contamination with luteinizing hormone (LH). This new practice of delaying transfer is increasingly recommended. What are the disadvantages of embryo transfer in cattle? Melatonin concentrations are several times higher in the follicles than in the serum in human preovulatory follicles [114]. The superovulatory response induced by eCG treatment is often greater than that induced by FSH; however, more embryos of transferable (good) quality are produced on average after FSH treatment. Jahnke said the process produces an average of six good embryos per cow. Mitchell L., Dingwall W., Mylne M., Hunton J., Matthews K., Gebbie F., McCallum G., McEvoy T. Season affects characteristics of the pre-ovulatory LH surge and embryo viability in superovulated ewes. Studies conducted on Lacaune ewes in France [97], Awassi ewes in Iraq [68], and Santa Ins breedin Brazil [23] found significantly higher ovarian responses during the breeding season than the non-breeding season. FSH plus eCG in a single injection not only resulted in a greater proportion of viable embryos, but also the advanced onset of estrus and LH peak [29]. Grazul-Bilska A., Borowczyk E., Arndt W., Evoniuk J., Oneil M., Bilski J., Weigl R., Kirsch J.D., Kraft K.C., Vonnahme K. Effects of overnutrition and undernutrition on in vitro fertilization (IVF) and early embryonic development in sheep. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Embryo Transfer in Beef Cattle Egg transfer in sheep. A success rate of 59 and 63% success rates using 50 g cloprostenol and 200 g misoprostol for transcervical embryo recovery, respectively [153]. Anderson S., Bindon B., Hillard M., OShea T. Increased ovulation rate in Merino ewes immunized against small synthetic peptide fragments of the inhibin subunit. Hameed N., Khan M.I.-u.-R., Zubair M., Andrabi S.M.H. Specific variables, however, have historically affected pregnancy rates but an understanding of the magnitude of . Embryo Transfer in Beef Cattle - South Dakota State University Recipient cows may need to have surgery done on them to transfer the embryo from the donor cow to their uterine horn. A genetic study of ovarian reserve, IBGEN RIF. Richardson L., Hanrahan J.P., Donovan A., Mart J.I., Fair S., Evans A.C., Lonergan P. Effect of site of deposition on the fertility of sheep inseminated with frozen-thawed semen. easier and more rapid exchange of genetic material between countries less transport of live animals, thereby reducing risks of disease transmission storage and expansion of rare genetic stock. What are the disadvantages of embryo transfer during an artificial cycle? hCG is structurally similar to LH, and has been shown to increase total CL weight in ewes [66]. A significant reduction has been shown during in vivo embryo production after the end of the first, and start of the second, hormonal treatment, with 50 day intervals [35] and annual intervals [15].
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