Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece, 17 Individual dairy products were categorized as milk, cheeses, and yoghurts. Table S4. One of the commonly known side effects of cancer treatment is a reduction in the body's ability to fight off infections. Recently, an analysis of the EPIC-Italy cohorts reported a 35% reduced colorectal cancer risk - after adjustment for calcium intake amongst participants who consumed more than 25 g/day of yoghurt compared to non-consumption (less than 1 g/day) [15]. Although, whether this association differed according to dairy and non-dairy sources of calcium was not investigated, nor was a potential non-linear relationship that has been observed in other cohorts [8], [11]. The summary OR was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.20), with moderate heterogeneity among the studies (I2=52%; P-heterogeneity = 0.08) (Figure 2). Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Ume University, Ume, Sweden, 35 These discrepancies could be explained by the inclusion of 2 large cohort studies assessing cheese consumption, and because CRC risk was included in our study but not in Ralston's systematic review and meta-analysis (18, 19). 14. Beyond the calcium content of dairy products, other constituents contained within these products may explain the inverse associations observed. Pancreatic cancer. Total milk was assessed as the sum of all types of milk consumed (whole-fat, skimmed, semi skimmed, and not specified). Chun YJ, Sohn S-K, Song HK, Lee SM, Youn YH, Lee S, Park H. Associations of colorectal cancer incidence with nutrient and food group intakes in Korean adults: a case-control study. Dietary calcium was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk (HR per 200 mg/day 0.95, 95% CI: 0.910.99); this association was limited to dairy sources of calcium only (HR per 200 mg/day 0.95, 95% CI: 0.910.99), with no association observed for non-dairy calcium sources (HR per 200 mg/day 1.00, 95% CI: 0.811.24). Accessibility The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Sociosanitary Sciences Department, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain, 30 Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review - PubMed Calcium is an essential dietary mineral commonly found in milk, yogurt, cheese, and dark green vegetables. However, the inverse relationship was not statistically significant for colon cancer (summary RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.01; I2=44%; P-heterogeneity = 0.15; n=4) (Figure 3). Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France, 10 This supplement was sponsored by the Interprofessional Dairy Organization (INLAC), Spain. Our study therefore included 477,122 participants (334,981 women and 142,141 men). Milk Consumption and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 3 Significant inverse associations were also observed for colon cancer (summary RR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.87; I2=14%; P-heterogeneity = 0.33; n=7) (Figure 3 and Supplemental Figure 2), proximal colon cancer (summary RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.89; I2=63%; P-heterogeneity = 0.04; n=4) (Figure 4), distal colon cancer (summary RR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.88; I2=10%; P-heterogeneity = 0.34; n=4) (Figure 4), and rectal cancer (summary RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.96; I2=32%; P-heterogeneity = 0.22; n=4) (Figure 5). Relation of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy food intake to incidence of colon cancer among older women. The inverse association we observed for total milk consumption was similar to what was reported by both the Pooling Project of cohort studies, and a recent systematic review [7], [8]. Of the 780 reports remaining after duplicates were removed, 29 studies were included in the meta-analysis: 15 prospective cohort studies (6, 8, 11, 14, 1719, 30, 3238) and 14 case-control studies (28, 31, 3950). Results from a populationbased casecontrol study in southern Italy. In the recent WCRF/AICR Continuous Update Project, alcoholic drinks and red and processed meat were judged to be convincing factors associated with increased colorectal cancer risk; whilst foods containing dietary fibre were similarly judged but associated with reduced risk [6]. The total person-years and distribution of colorectal cancer cases by country are shown in Table 1. This analysis included 3 case-control study comparisons (31, 48) (Figure 2). Mizoue T, Kimura Y, Toyomura K, Nagano J, Kono S, Mibu R, Tanaka M, Kakeji Y, Maehara Y, Okamura T et al Calcium, dairy foods, vitamin D, and colorectal cancer risk: the Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study. Spinach or Kale 1.3.3 3. Multivariable hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of colorectal cancer risk in men by dietary calcium intake categories. Cox proportional hazards regression models were then applied using the calibrated values for each participant on a continuous scale. Age was the primary time variable in all models. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy, 22 However, information on past bowel cancer screening and previous endoscopy procedures were unknown; although previous studies have observed unchanged inverse calcium-colon cancer relationships when the multivariable models were additionally adjusted for endoscopy history [30]. (55) found no evidence of a significant inverse relationship between solid cheese consumption and CRC. Tsuda H, Kozu T, Iinuma G, Ohashi Y, Saito Y, Saito D, Akasu T, Alexander DB, Futakuchi M, Fukamachi K et al Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin: from animal studies to human trial, Dose-response of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in association with risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis, https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model, nmy114_supplemental_data_tables_figures.pdf, http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/, Total dairy (milk products, excluding butter): >25 vs <8 servings/wk, Age, total energy intake, height, parity, low-fat meat intake, total vitamin E intake, and a total vitamin Eage interaction term, USA: Health Professionals Follow-up Study (4075), Milk, whole or skim/low fat: >1/d vs <1/mo (237 mL), Age, total calories, family history of colon cancer, previous polyp, screening, past history of smoking, alcohol consumption, aspirin use, physical activity, BMI, red meat, saturated fat, and dietary fiber intakes, Age at baseline, sex, BMI, physical activity, parental history of colon cancer, current smoking, past smoking, alcohol consumption, and aspirin use, USA: Iowa Women's Health Study (mean of 61.7), Age at baseline, total energy intake, and history of rectal colon polyps, Low-fat dairy (includes skim milk, ice milk, and yogurt): >7 vs 2.5 servings/wk, Sweden: Swedish Mammography Screening Cohort (median 55), 572 CRC, 371 CC (164 PC, 121 DC) and 191 R, Age, BMI, education level, total energy and quartiles of red meat, alcohol, and energy-adjusted folic acid and vitamin C intake. Within EPIC, a 300 mg/day intake of dietary calcium was previously associated with a 9% increased risk of prostate cancer [41]. The most-studied chemopreventive agent in dairy products is calcium, because dairy products are one of the main contributors of calcium in the diet. The statistical significance of the cross-product terms were evaluated using the likelihood ratio test. We also augmented the current evidence for these associations by our finding of a linear relationship between cheese consumption and CRC. Complete follow-up censoring dates varied amongst centres, ranging between 2005 and 2010. consuming foods that are high in . Multivariable hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of colorectal cancer risk in men by dairy product consumption categories. We found that cheese consumption may decrease the risk of CRC, particularly proximal colon cancer. The inverse association was of similar magnitude for colon and rectal cancer (P Heterogeneity =.72); and within the colon, there no evidence of heterogeneity across distal and proximal regions (P Heterogeneity =0.66). Eggs 1.3.2 2. In general, the association between dairy foods and cancer, if it exists, tends to be observed with low-fat dairy foods but not with high-fat dairy foods. Adjusted for energy, animal fat, red meat intake, dietary calcium, dietary fiber, simple sugars, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking, education level, recreational activity (excluding sports), sporting and type of work. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, Murcia, Spain, 29 At present, the available evidence for the divergent associations between cancer sites has not been considered convincing enough to justify potential sex-specific calcium and dairy product intake recommendations. See, carcinogens are substances that directly contribute to your risk: things like tobacco and asbestos. Cottage cheese may be good for a person as it is rich in protein, relatively low in fat, and. Does cheese cause colon cancer? It is very uncommon for BRAF mutations to be present in hereditary colon cancers, such as those in people who have Lynch syndrome. PMID: 21617020 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr269 Abstract Background: Previous studies of the association between intake of dairy products and colorectal cancer risk have indicated an inverse association with milk, however, the evidence for cheese or other dairy products is inconsistent. Other components, such as butyric acid (62, 67), lactoferrin (68), and vitamin D (52, 69), in fortified dairy foods might also have protective effects. These include yogurt, cereal and milk, half a sandwich, a bowl of hearty soup, and cheese and crackers. Country and sex-specific calibration models were used to obtain individual calibrated values of dietary exposure for all participants. The 24-hdr were regressed on dietary questionnaire values, with adjustment for the same list of covariates detailed above, and further control for the week day and season of recall measurements. Jrvinen R, Knekt P, Hakulinen T, Aromaa A. (2005), Dietary calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, dairy products and the risk of colorectal adenoma and cancer among French women of the E3N-EPIC prospective study, Sanjoaquin MA, Appleby PN, Thorogood M, Mann JI, Key TJ (2004), Nutrition, lifestyle and colorectal cancer incidence: a prospective investigation of 10,998 vegetarians and non-vegetarians in the United Kingdom, High-fat dairy food and conjugated linoleic acid intakes in relation to colorectal cancer incidence in the Swedish Mammography Cohort, Pala V, Sieri S, Berrino F, Vineis P, Sacerdote C, et al. None of the dairy products was shown to either decrease or increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. No significant associations were found between CRC risk and the consumption of low-fat dairy products, whole milk, fermented dairy products, or cultured milk. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed in the United States.1 It affects men and women equally. In Malm (Sweden), a dietary questionnaire was combined with a 7-day food registration and interview. Does Cheese Give You Cancer - CheeseProClub.com and transmitted securely. Alcohol use is a known risk factor for colorectal cancer - among other cancers - with risk. Commented on the analysis and interpretation of the findings: AO A. Tjnneland CCD KO MCBR FCC LN RK BT HB MMB A. Trichopoulou PL DT DP VP RT PV SP PHMP VKD EW EL JRQG RZR MJSP MD CN EA JM MA IJ RP KTK NW TJK FLC VF MJG. To evaluate possible reverse causality, cases diagnosed within the first 2 and 5 years of follow-up were excluded from the analyses. Kampman E, Goldbohm RA, Brandt PA Van Den, Van P. Fermented dairy products, calcium, and colorectal cancer in the Netherlands Cohort Study. In addition, she is one of the members of the Scientific Advisory Board of the EU program for the promotion of milk and milk products within the framework of appropriate dietary practices. Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Vieira AR, Abar L, Chan D, Vingeliene S, Polemiti E, Stevens C, Greenwood D, Norat T. Foods and beverages and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies, an update of the evidence of the WCRF-AICR Continuous Update Project. Possible non-proportionality was assessed using an analysis of Schoenfeld residuals, [24] with no evidence of non-proportionality being detected. There was also a significant linear association for colon cancer (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.93; P<0.001) (Supplemental Figure 11) and rectal cancer (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.97; P=0.005) (Supplemental Figure 12). Supplemental Data, Supplemental Tables 13, and Supplemental Figures 115 are available from the Supplementary data link in the online posting of the article and from the same link in the online table of contents at https://academic.oup.com/advances/. Colon cancer: a civilization disorder - PubMed This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. BRAF Mutation: Cancer Types, Testing, Treatment - Verywell Health Does Dairy Cause or Prevent Cancer? An Objective Look - Healthline The public health implications of our results are complicated by the contrasting associations between calcium intake and prostate cancer. And think about this when deciding on the big bag or the little bag -. Calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of colorectal cancer: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. A detailed description of the methods has previously been published [20], [21]. Will Bacon Give you Colorectal Cancer? Govers MJ, Termont DS, Lapr JA, Kleibeuker JH, Vonk RJ, VanderMeer R. Calcium in milk products precipitates intestinal fatty acids and secondary bile acids and thus inhibits colonic cytotoxicity in humans. The meta-analysis included prospective cohort and case-control studies analyzing the consumption of total dairy products, high-fat dairy products, low-fat dairy products, total milk, whole milk, low-fat milk, fermented dairy products, total yogurt, cultured milk or cheese. Similarly, for proximal and distal colon cancer (Figure 4) and rectal cancer (Figure 5), the inverse associations were not significant (the P-values were 0.52 for proximal colon cancer, 0.92 for distal colon cancer, and 0.55 for rectal cancer). A significant inverse association with no significant heterogeneity was also observed for colon cancer (summary RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.87; I2=0%; P-heterogeneity = 0.96; n=8) (Figure 3 and Supplemental Figure 4), proximal colon cancer (summary RR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.96; I2=0%; P-heterogeneity = 0.70; n=3) (Figure 4), distal colon cancer (summary RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.90; I2=25%; P-heterogeneity = 0.26; n=3) (Figure 4), and rectal cancer (summary RR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.97; I2=0%; P-heterogeneity = 0.84; n=5) (Figure 5). Total dairy intake was significantly inversely associated to colorectal cancer risk (490 g/day vs. <134 g/day, HR 0.77, 95% CI: 0.700.86; P-trend <0.001) (Table 3). In the Adventist Health Study, a stronger inverse association was reported for non-fat milk consumers compared to consumers of milks containing higher fat [10]. If a small bag of puffy Cheetos will make you joyful, go for it. introduction. This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (, GUID:5EBDFF85-7424-403E-ADC9-E9729DBFDF6D, dairy, milk, yogurt, cheese, colorectal cancer, systematic review, meta-analysis, prospective studies, case-control studies, adults. The summary OR for colon cancer was 1.11 (95% CI: 0.90, 1.37), with moderate heterogeneity (I2=53%; P-heterogeneity = 0.06) (Figure 3). Bostick RM, Potter JD, Sellers TA, McKenzie DR, Kushi LH, Folsom AR. BMJ 340. The Surprising Health Benefits of Cheese | GQ Caffeic acid contained in honey inhibits colon cancer cell growth. Consumption of Dairy Products and Colorectal Cancer in the - PLOS . The analysis considered 2 cohorts with a total of 484,338 participants and 3507 cases. Reduce your alcohol intake. Among Norwegian women, the incidence has risen from 9.9 per 100 000 in 1955-59, to 52.5. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Arnold M, Sierra MS, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. The study by Pala et al. Anti-cancer effects of butyrate: use of micro-array technology to investigate mechanisms. Inverse associations were observed for low-fat and high-fat dairy products; indicating that the fat content contained within dairy products does not influence this relationship. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology American/Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. However, the use of validated food-frequency questionnaires could reduce this bias. Department of Odontology, Ume University, Ume, Sweden, 34 Review: PF MJ BBM GS ER. Colorectal Cancer: Foods to Eat and to Avoid - Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Adjusted for total energy when the total energy met the criteria for covariate inclusion. GUID:EB3964FF-AA1A-4896-98D2-1041A574986C, Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, et al. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Gnrale de lEducation Nationale, and Institut National de la Sant et de la Recherche Mdicale (France); Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); Hellenic Health Foundation, Stavros Niarchos Foundation, and the Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity (Greece); Italian Association for Research on Cancer, National Research Council, and Associazione Iblea per la Ricerca Epidemiologica (AIRE-ONLUS) Ragusa, Associazione Volontari Italiani Sangu Ragusa, Sicilian Government (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund, and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands); European Research Council (grant number ERC-2009-AdG 232997) and Nordforsk, and Nordic Center of Excellence Programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund, Regional Governments of Andaluca, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (No. The linear RR for colon cancer per 1 serving increment was also significant (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.99; P=0.030) (Supplemental Figures 14 and 15). Bassaganya-Riera J, Hontecillas R, Horne WT, Sandridge M, Herfarth HH, Bloomfeld R, Isaacs KL. Four cohort studies, with a total of 529,579 and 4899 cases (18, 19, 38), were used to compare the overall risk of CRC between the groups with the highest and lowest consumption of total yogurt. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Table S1. Over 17% of participants reported consuming more than one milk subtype. The inverse cheese-colorectal cancer association observed in the categorical models provides further evidence that the fat content of dairy products does not impair any possible anti-carcinogenic role. Variation in international incidence rates [2], [3] coupled with findings from migrant studies [4], [5] suggests that colorectal cancer etiology is influenced by modifiable lifestyle factors, such as diet. Eating and drinking milk and dairy products can reduce the risk of bowel cancer The NHS Eatwell Guide recommends having some dairy as part of a healthy, balanced diet Eating and drinking milk and dairy can reduce the risk of bowel cancer.