19 Heuser, Western Containment Policies, 100. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. 152. 1955 multilateral treaty regarding the international status of Austria, Toggle Generalities and structure subsection, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, "The Austrian State Treaty and the Cold War: Contending Perspectives", Federal Chancellor Leopold Figl exhibits the freshly signed State Treaty document to the waiting crowd (Video), Counter-website to the 2005 national celebrations, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austrian_State_Treaty&oldid=1161830575, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2015, Articles with German-language sources (de), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 25 June 2023, at 09:26. Bischoff reported to Raab on these talks in a correspondence directed via the maid-servant of the Bischoff family in Vienna. It prohibited union with Germany. The paper written first, signed by Semnov alone and directed to Molotov, is entitled Soviet-Austrian relations (195054), though mentioned in Filitov's article (note 28), is not analyzed there; it was written on 19 January, though the outgoing date is 29 January 1955, as indicated by Filitov. The documents cited by Ruggenthaler and Mueller are now published in Karner, Stelzl-Marx, and Tschubarjan, eds., Die Rote Armee: Dokumente, document no. I stress these two initiatives in Washington and in Bern because, owing to a frequently voiced clich, Stalin's death was the turning point between the blocking and unblocking of the State Treaty question. William R. Tyler; WE Mr. 160 (Decision No. Unlike in Germany, whose eastern half the Soviet Union had integrated into . Anschluss (1938) Facts - Unification of Germany and Austria [1] The neighbouring Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia acceded to the treaty subsequently. Austria In Austria: Allied occupation troops in return for an Austrian promise to declare the country permanently neutral. Significant are the pessimistic observations of Manfried Rauchensteiner made in 2000 in an analysis reaching far beyond the year 1956, with the information that, on the side of the Americans, the defensibility of Austria was estimated to be one day, and concluding: In retrospect one must say that in a war in which Austria might have been involved in one way or the other, the country would have been destroyed and made uninhabitable perhaps for years. Rauchensteiner, sterreich und die NATO, 279. 88 Speech of Federal President Rudolf Kirchschlger on 4 June 1981 on the occasion of the final meeting of the Fonds fr Hilfeleistung fr politisch Verfolgte (Hilfsfonds), Die Gemeinde, 8 July 1981, 18. Thus it might be possible that, to Molotov, the most recent point of view which Stalin held in the last months of his life with regard to the Peace Treaty with Austria was unknown. Khrushchev adds also, however, that he suspected that Stalin may have revealed his considerations concerning Austria to Molotov prior to the XIXth Party Congress (ibid.). Neutrality was demanded from the Soviet side and accepted (also in view of positive voices from Austria) by the Western powers. The treaty came into force on July 27, 1955, and by October 25 all occupation forces were withdrawn. independent Austria. Tito's criticism of Molotov contained references that allow one to assume already existing direct contacts between the Yugoslav party leadership and responsible personalities of the Eastern bloc. In the case of Julius Raab, the role of his brother Heinrich Raab, who lived in Switzerland after 1938 and enthusiastically advocated the Swiss model, is of interest (see ibid., 25355). Martinov was said to have observed around 1 July 1948that is very soon after the rift became publicthe real quarrel with Tito was on account of the latter's insistence on running too independent a foreign policy. The two main points of Soviet criticism were said to be first, the Yugoslav claim to Carinthia which was preventing the Soviet Government from reaching agreement on the Austrian Peace Treaty [sic], and second, that Tito gave more help to the Greek Communist rebel leader General Markos than Moscow thought wise. Negotiations over the final status of Austria began in 1947, when half of fifty-nine proposed articles for a treaty were agreed upon. Austria - The 1955 State Treaty and Austrian Neutrality - Country Studies , Ortstafelkonflikt in KrntenKrise oder Chance (Vienna, 2004)Google Scholar. On the other hand, recent research contains indications that Treichl, before the Germans could get hold of him, shot himself. In this last sum, the amount of 2 million dollars paid as transfer for the assets of the Danube Steamship Company in eastern Austria is not included and ought to be added. Austrian State Treaty. Leopold Figl, Austrian Minister of Foreign by Cynthia Peck. Confidential; Niact. 64, 15860. U.S. officials demanded two changes in the treaty regarding the upper limit placed on Austrian armed forces and the removal of a clause on voluntary repatriation of displaced persons that they feared could be used by the Soviet Union to force anticommunist refugees to return to East Bloc countries. May 2, 19558 p.m. Rauchensteiner, Manfried and Kriechbaumer, Robert (Vienna, 2005), 379431.Google Scholar. Stephen E. Ambrose dealt with U.S. foreign policy in the 1950s, and Oliver Rathkolb analyzed foreign relations between the United States and Austria in the late 1950s. In contrast to Germany, the Austrian government continued to exist in the postwar period and govern, although the Four Powers could veto any new legislation if they unanimously agreed to do so. Its archival designation is 066/14a/40/119/520 AVPRF; a copy of it is available in Vienna in the Foundation Bruno Kreisky-Archiv. On its content, see Stourzh, Einheit, 33738. The Soviet documents published in 2005, to which reference is made here, were not yet known to Professor Naimark. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Austrian State Sowjetische sterreich-Politik 19451953/55, in Die Rote Armee in sterreich: Sowjetische Besatzung 19451955: Beitrge, ed. The State Treatysigned in Vienna on May 15, 1955, by representatives of the four occupying powers and Austriaformally reestablished the Austrian republic in its pre-1938 frontiers as a "sovereign, independent, and democratic state." It prohibited Anschluss between Austria and Germany as well as the restoration of the Habsburgs. As early as February 1956, the government decided, on the initiative of the Socialists, to join the Council of Europe. They stand out. See Stourzh, Einheit, 8185. The Kreisky governments carried through a host of reform programs, among which the reorganization of the legal code under the minister of justice Christian Broda had truly historic dimensions. Congress passing a Joint Resolution closing the state of war includes Austria-Hungary on July 2, 1921, opening an manner for the . Omissions? The provisions of the State Treaty applicable to the Hostname: page-component-78857b5c4d-xbb86 The late 1970s also witnessed the first of a series of scandals, many of them related to the technocratic wing of the Socialist Party. 66 Complete text in Stourzh, Einheit, 64142. 1 (Moscow, 2003), esp. PDF OCCUPATION AND INDEPENDENCE: THE AUSTRIAN SECOND REPUBLIC, 1945-1963 - Gale The Austrian State Treaty, signed 15 May 1955 Official English Language Text Article 7: Rights of the Slovene and Croat Minorities 1 . . Austrian state thus clearly established, the question of reparations could be solved after a study of its resources by a commission, and securities against future disorder were available through disarmament on principles already adopted by the Peace Conference in dealing with the German situation. Carinthia: A Yugoslav- Austrian Dispute - JSTOR 12122. "coreDisableEcommerce": false, a series of provisions by which Austria undertakes to secure to all persons under Austrian jurisdiction the enjoyment of human rights, to prevent discrimination between Austrian nationals and to grant special protection to certain minorities. The Austrian situation was unique in postwar Europe. The U.S.S.R., however, obtained tangible payment for the restoration of Austrian freedom. Austrian Treaty Problem; PARTICIPANTS. 2122, AVPRF. These governments signed the agreement with the understanding that the newly independent state of Austria would declare its neutrality, creating a buffer zone between the East and the West. These are important newly available sources for the history of the Moscow negotiations. Two questions arise immediately. See Ebert, Michael, Bonn-Wien: Die deutsch-sterreichischen Beziehungen von 1945 bis 1961 aus westdeutscher Perspektive unter besonderer Bercksichtigung der sterreichpolitik des Auswrtigen Amtes (PhD diss., University of Kiel, 2003), 192.Google Scholar. Actually, the reopening of the State Opera, with John Foster Dulles in attendance, took place on 5 November 1955. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 71 of the Politbro of the Central Committee of the CPSU of 24 October 1949, with instruction to Foreign Minister Andrej Vyinskij), 745. 7 (Washington, 1986), 108081, quoted in Stourzh, Einheit, 30910. Official texts: Russian, English, French and German. The 2023 UEFA European Women's Under-19 Championship is taking place in Belgium from 18 to 30 July. This included $150 million for the confiscated former German enterprises, which Austria bought back from the Administration of Soviet Property in Austria; $2 million for the confiscated German assets of the First Danube Steamshipping Company; and 10 million metric tons of crude oil as the price of Austrian oil fields and refineries that had been Soviet war booty. The Second Austrian Republic was established on 27 July 1955. 7 The NATO decision in favor of the employment of tactical nuclear weapons in Europe was taken in December 1954. The armed forces were welcomed by many cheering German-Austrians that gave Nazi salutes, waved Nazi flags, and handed out flowers. At this meeting, the rejection (strongly stressed by Mikoyan) of the re-entry plans of the Foreign Ministry presumably did take place, since the re-entry right does not occur anymore in the Foreign Ministry position papers after 24 March, while it did occur in position papers before 24 March (and in a strongly veiled and indirect form even in the Soviet note to Austria of 24 March with the invitation to Chancellor Raab). PDF The Austrian State Treaty and Human Rights - JSTOR Additional information by Nikolaus Basseches from 1953, 1954, and 1955 up to the immediate preparatory period of the Moscow negotiations of April 1955 was forwarded in reports from the legation in Bern to the Foreign Office in Vienna (see Stourzh, Einheit, 35051n35, and 422n216); some of these were published by Schilcher, sterreich und die Gromchte. Mai). The Soviet occupation forces had seized control of factories, railroads, as well as oil and shipping concerns, all of which had been under Nazi control at one point or another, and only offered to sell them back to the struggling Austrian provisional government at exorbitant prices. 51 See Stourzh, Einheit, 345; and now Filitov, The Post-Stalin Succession Struggle. On the possible, at least approximate dates of the three meetings mentioned by Mikoyan, the following may be said, in large part in agreement with Professor Filitov, who correctly refers to the uncertainties due to the lack of sources. Minutes of the conversation are also published in Mueller et al., Sowjetische Politik in sterreich, document no. See also Matthias Pape, Ungleiche Brder, 44559. According to a decision of the Politburo of 7 January 1950, Stalin did not postpone a reunion of the treaty deputies, but did not permit any leeway for negotiations anymore. Stefan Karner and Peter Ruggenthaler, Stalin und sterreich: Sowjetische sterreich-Politik 19381953, Jahrbuch fr Historische Kommunismusforschung (2005): 10240, esp. Jahrhundert, Foreign Fields: The Story of an SOE Operative, Widerstand vom Himmel: stereicheinstze des britischen Geheimdienstes SOE 1944. 158.341-pol/52, Records of the Foreign Ministry, AdR, StA. Mai ). On May 15, representatives from Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union signed the Austrian State Treaty, ending seventeen years of occupation by foreign troops. "coreDisableEcommerceForElementPurchase": false, 159 (draft of a letter of Deputy Foreign Minister Andrej Gromyko to Stalin, 22 October 1949), 741ff. The treaty re-established a free, sovereign and democratic Austria. As a result of the treaty the Allies left Austrian territory on 25 October 1955. A., ed., Prezidium ZK KPSS 19541964, vol. Raab asks about when Austria should make public its declaration about the keeping (Wahrung) of neutrality. Brix, Emil, Bruckmller, Ernst, and Stekl, Hannes (Vienna, 2004), 392417, esp. The Austrian State Treaty (German: sterreichischer Staatsvertrag [stra tatsftrak] (listen)) or Austrian Independence Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state. In 1990 the Austrian government unilaterally revoked some of the provisions of the 1955 State Treaty governing Austrias neutrality. Vermgensentzug whrend der NS-Zeit sowie Rckstellungen und Entschdigungen seit 1945 in sterreich, 6 (Vienna, 2004), 270. 56 On these preparations, see the account based on Soviet archival sources in ibid., 34546, 36869, 400415. In 1938, it had been the only nation to be annexed in its entirety by Nazi Germany, a fact that raised consistent questions during the war about the extent to which the country was a victim of Nazi aggression or whether it had been a collaborator. Upon the termination of allied occupation, Austria was proclaimed a neutral country, and "everlasting" neutrality was incorporated into the Constitution on October 26, 1955. The original demands of Western oil companies amounted to approximately US$ 80 million. (Tbingen, 2001), 1128Google Scholar, esp. The State Treatysigned in Vienna on May 15, 1955, by representatives of the four occupying powers and Austriaformally reestablished the Austrian republic in its pre-1938 frontiers as a sovereign, independent, and democratic state. It prohibited Anschluss between Austria and Germany as well as the restoration of the Habsburgs. The editors of Cur- According to Mikoyan, there seem to have been fierce arguments, notably between Bulganin and Molotov (see Stourzh, Einheit, 456). Just when a deal appeared imminent, the Soviet Union again opted not to sign; in fact, at several points throughout the process the Soviet Union delayed completion of the treaty while it reconsidered what benefits it hoped to gain from the agreement. The Associated Status recognized the Republic of Austria on August 24, 1921, with the signing in a Treaty Established Friendly Relations in Vienna.. Austria-Hungary had saved diplomatic relations with who United States on April 8, 1917, after the United States declared war on Germany. 463. 24 This results from a letter by Gribanov to Foreign Minister Vyinskij of 28 February 1950, found in the AVPRF by Peter Ruggenthaler, quoted aft er Ruggenthaler, Warum ;sterreich nicht sowjetisiert wurde, 684. The U.S. and the Making of the Austrian State Treaty Austria in USA A key objective of post-1945 Austrian governments was ending the Four Power occupation and preventing the permanent division of Austria. Khrushchev adds that Stalin had tossed up this question at a time when Molotov no longer belonged to the circle of people who had direct access to Stalin. U.S. } 124. 22 See Stourzh, Einheit, 16465, 192220, 391. The Socialists, led by a former foreign minister, Bruno Kreisky, went into opposition, and Josef Klaus formed the first one-party cabinet of the Second Republic. SUBJECT. 10 132nd meeting of Cabinet Figl I, 9 November 1948, Ministerratsprotokolle, Archiv der Republik (hereafter cited as AdR), sterreichisches Staatsarchiv (hereafter cited as StA), Vienna, Austria. 328Google Scholar. And I stand committed to pass on to younger men and women my conviction. I stand in awe, reflecting on Dr. Taglicht's words. 15 As a former member of the commission on topographical signs, I have no sympathy for the partial non-fulfillment of the treaty concerning topographical signs up to now. Rauchensteiner and Kriechbaumer, 51935, esp. 594 pp. With Waldheims insistence that he had only done his duty, the domestic political intrigue, the not-altogether-hidden anti-Semitism of some of his supporters, and the U.S. governments decision to place Waldheim on its watch list of undesirable aliens, the incident undermined Austrias domestic consensus more than any other event since 1945. Austria and Belgium drew a six-goal thriller at Tivoli Stadium, . German Troops Enter Austria On the morning of March 12th, 1938, German troops crossed over the border into Austria. He argued to no avail. 85 Franz Cede, Staatsvertrag und Neutralitt aus heutiger Sicht, in Die Gunst des Augenblicks, ed. Molotov says, the employment of the word neutrality in the Austrian declaration will not cause complications. Its English text is available in Bundesministerium fr Angelegenheiten, Auswrtige, ed., Aussenpolitische Dokumentation 2001: Sonderdruck: sterreichische Manahmen zur Restitution und Entschdigung von Opfern des Nationalsozialismus (Vienna, 2001), 86103Google Scholar, esp. Sensing increased support for the Socialists, he called for new elections in October 1971, which gave his party a clear majority of 93 seats. The Austrian Foreign Minister went through the neutral government of India to inform the Soviet Union that if a treaty was signed, independent Austria would also remain neutral, staying out of NATO or other defensive arrangements. In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the Allied occupation of Austria started on 27 April 1945 when Austria under Allied control claimed independence from Germany as a result of the Vienna Offensive. 2 (Moscow, 1999), 215Google Scholar. Molotov replies: on the day of the signing of the Austrian State Treaty. Summary. Suppan, Stourzh, and Mueller, 535600. There was also a violent verbal attack by Stalin in a plenary meeting of the Central Committee on 16 October 1952. 14 Stalin's anger as to Tito's too independent foreign policy obviously seems to have played a decisive role in the Stalin-Tito break. Popular discontent was reflected at the polls, as the right-wing Freedom Party and smaller opposition parties made gains against the ruling coalition. The Austrian State Treaty of 1955 and the Cold War - JSTOR 40, HPI C) in English translation. 29, 35, 38, and 41.Google Scholar. That the two authors do not have very clear views about the historical developments of the year 1955 is also evidenced by their statement that the Vienna State Opera was reopened in the spring of 1955, in the preparatory period prior to the signing of the State Treaty (Liebhart and Pribersky, Die Mythisierung des Neubeginns, 394). State Treaty (with annexes and maps) for the re-establishment of an independent and democratic Austria. Molotov repeatedly referred to the danger of the revival of German militarism [the specifi c ground for this fear was the project of the European Defense Community]. "State Treaty for the Re-establishment of an Independent and Democratic Austria (Vienna, 15 May 1955)", p. 762-779; 803-804. After the Anschluss in 1938, Austria had generally been recognized as part of Nazi Germany.
What Is A Super Town Meeting, Dublin Pickleball Tournament, What Is The Community Counseling Model, Sun Prairie Baseball Tournament 2023, Seuraava Pronunciation, Articles A